ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS AS SOURCES FOR WRITING THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS

Abstract

Archaeology and ancient manuscripts are fundamental sources in the writing of religious history because they are able to represent both the material and intellectual dimensions of past religious life. Archaeological findings such as artifacts, inscriptions, and religious buildings provide empirical evidence of ritual practices, sacred symbols, and patterns of religious space. Meanwhile, ancient manuscripts record teachings, theological thought, and normative values that developed within society. The integration of these two sources allows the reconstruction of religious history to be carried out in a more comprehensive and critical manner. Cross-validation between material and textual data strengthens the credibility of historical narratives and reduces interpretive bias. In addition, the regional diversity reflected in archaeological remains and religious texts demonstrates the dynamics of the spread and adaptation of religion across different regions. Efforts to preserve and digitize historical sources also contribute to the development of more systematic and sustainable methodologies in the study of religious history. By employing an interdisciplinary approach, the writing of religious history not only presents a chronology of events but also reveals the relationships between teachings, practices, and social structures. Therefore, archaeology and ancient manuscripts affirm their role as an important scientific foundation for accurate and relevant religious historiography.