KALAM SCIENCE AND NEUROTHEOLOGY EXPLORING THE INTERSECTION OF FAITH AND NEUROSCIENCE

Abstract

This study discusses the intersection between Ilmu Kalam, a branch of Islamic theology based on rationality and faith, and neurotheology, a scientific approach that examines religious experiences through the perspective of neuroscience. Although these two disciplines originate from different epistemological paradigms, they share a common interest in understanding the dimensions of spirituality, consciousness, and the nature of humanity. Ilmu Kalam explains metaphysical aspects such as the soul, free will, and faith as transcendental entities sourced from God. Conversely, neurotheology seeks to study religious phenomena as the result of neurobiological activities within the human brain. Using a qualitative approach based on literature review, this article explores how classical Kalam science can engage in dialogue with contemporary neuroscience findings, particularly on issues such as consciousness, moral responsibility, and spiritual experience. It is emphasized that the integration of these two fields must be conducted critically and dialogically to avoid spiritual reductionism by science. This study shows that such an interdisciplinary approach is not only possible but also crucial to enrich human understanding of faith, knowledge, and existence in the modern era, where the boundaries between science and spirituality are increasingly blurred.